Where Curiosity Leads to Understanding.

Ordering Food at a Restaurant

A scenario lesson with conversation steps.

Seminar: DIF Basics

An introduction to differential item functioning in language tests.

What language level do you need before teacher training?

تربیت مدرس / TTC

Cambridge English publishes CELTA entry at high C1 or above and centres assess suitability; a certificate is not always required. Syllabus Topic 2 (language analysis and awareness) adds a second layer: form, meaning, phonology, and teachable examples. Hobbs (2013) warns that short certificates can feel like survival when language load is too high. Ready trainees check both layers before they enrol.

Explainer, involver, or enabler?

تربیت مدرس / TTC

Scrivener (2005) names three broad teacher roles: explainer (mainly telling), involver (methodology that pulls learners into work while the teacher steers), and enabler (shared control and conditions for autonomous learning). They are checks, not lifelong labels. A practical TTC move: after one segment, name the dominant role, then redesign one minute toward more learner language use without dropping clarity when it is needed.

What does it really mean to know a word?

Subskills/Vocabulary

Knowing a word takes more than seeing its translation once: it has three parts, form, meaning and use. Nation (2001) and Schmitt (2000) define word knowledge in these terms and note that understanding usually comes long before being able to use a word. A short self-check (recognising it by ear, spelling, meaning, making a sentence, collocation) shows the weakest part of each word, so you can practise that instead of rereading the translation.